Blog #6: Antiwar

After looking through the Antiwar website, it is clear that the objective of this website is to voice opinions on diplomatic relations that may not always be shown in mainstream media. Upon looking at the information on the website, it gives a different perspective on news stories that can be seen in the mainstream like on CBS or Fox. The perspective is more a criticism of the involved parties action. For example, the page includes an article titled White House: Trump 'Fully Supports" Israel's Gaza Slaughter which overviews the things that the current administration is doing to contribute to the conflict. Perspectives like this are important because they are focused on ways of mitigating the impact of these wars. While this is a news story that I may have seen on my personal news sources like this article from AP News about Trumps plan to gain ownership of Gaza, it is not always a perspective that is covered in the mainstream. It is also interesting to acknowledge any bias within the stories on Antiwar because like any news that we have today, it is all skewed or biased to match a certain political view. That being said, a website like this may not be easily accessible to the public because it takes some "controversial" stances on world relations and doesn't agree with the current or past administration's actions.

The second website looks a little more similar to those that we see in the mainstream media in a blogger style format. The satires are very similar to the ones on Antiwar, consisting of mainly criticisms of the United Stated with other countries, and the US Governments role in various crises. For example, this article overviews a potential disaster occurring if the US were to be at war with Iran, given the rising tension. The article is criticizing the responses from the US and the UK, among other European countries. Upon googling this same issue, an article from Fox News pops up which explains a similar story, but from the perspective of how the Trump administration is responding to it. Moving forward, it is important for websites like the two mentioned here to be accessed by the general public in order to keep people informed on all parts of an issue. Reflecting on why these websites may be censored, the US has a sense of patriotism that can sometimes border nationalism, which may cause some of these websites offering criticism to be censored. It is interesting to see news like this being censored given that there is a strong emphasis on freedom of speech. 

Final Post: My Relationship with Technology

 It is no secret that the invention of technology has revolutionized our world in a countless number of ways. While the impacts of this amazing innovation have had both positive and negative consequences, we all have a different experience with technology. When you were born, where you grew up, your family dynamic, social class, and economic status are all things that factor in to your use of technology. During this Media Law and Literacy class, we have talked about technology and reflected on how it affects not only the world around us, but our own personal lives. 

To spark our reflection, we watched a series of videos that had different outlooks on technology. First was this video from the New York fair in 1964 that featured an amusement ride called "Futurama". While the features of the ride may have seemed outlandish at the time, they were quite hopeful for the future of how humans use technology. The ride included an increase of space travel, ocean exploration, and even a tourist attraction placed in the sunken city of Atlantis. Comparatively, these things do not entirely exist in the way that this ride fantasized about. When doing my own research, I looked at some of the predictions for modern technology innovations in 2025, and found this article from Forbes Magazine that outlines some predicted improvements in AI technology, among other things. The article points to increase in research on robotics as something that will pose a potential threat in the coming years. This was interesting for me to read because when I was growing up, having fully functioning robots was what seemed outlandishly futuristic, and now this is a technology that is being integrated into our society. 

To highlight another incredibly influential piece of technology, especially in my life and the lives of other people born in my generation, is the mobile phone. I first got a phone when I was in sixth grade, which is surprisingly later than some of my peers. I remember how excited I was to get access to this type of technology because it meant I had access to a whole other world that had been created by the internet. I could now become connected with anybody I wanted to, and while it seemed exciting at the time, that brought up its own issues. Despite the entire billion dollar economic industry that the invention of mobile phones created, it wasn't all positive. I found an article that talks about a personal experience from someone in my generation and their experience with having access to such technology at a young age. From The Uproar , the author talks a lot about the value that Gen Z has put on phones and its role in our childhoods. I agree with much of what is said in the article because I feel the same way. By having access to this media at such a young age, my perspectives of the way the world works and my role the world was heavily altered. 

While researching some of the impacts that have been found when children have long exposure to the internet and devices, this article from the Conway Medical Center came up. They had many informational talking points that directly correlate to some of the issues that are seen amongst Gen Z, and things that I have found within myself. For instance, one of the main detriments to children using technology is that they develop a shorter attention span. This has absolutely happened to me, because I have found that I have a hard time focusing on homework or in a class that extends for a long period of time. Additionally, what is interesting is that the media has adapted to only make this problem worse. With things like TikTok and Instagram Reels which have a younger audience, they are meant to only entertain your attention span for 15-30 seconds. Even kids shows have become shorter, with episodes being only 20-30 minutes. Going back to my personal relationship with technology, I have tried to find new ways to build up my attention span again by watching longer shows and movies, and even taking a break from the screens and taking some time to read when I am in need of entertainment. 

As I start to navigate my adult life, I make a constant goal for myself to find hobbies and interests outside of using technology in order to stay grounded. While technology has very positively impacted my life and allowed for me to pursue a career in media, it is important to set limits for myself. I try to build meaningful personal relationships through in-person interactions, because I believe that you can never truly know someone if you only know their online persona. As I continue my college career, I will continue to make myself aware of how technology is affecting my life, positively or negatively, and to make sure that I am keeping my focus on the moments of my life that I can't capture with technology. This class has been a great way to learn more about something I am interested in, while also helping me be very self reflecting. 

Blog #7: EOTO Reaction 2

 The second Each One Teach One presentations captured my interest, as they were all about theories. I am someone who enjoys studying behavior and trends among populations, especially as it relates to media, so I researched further some of the theories that I heard about from my classmates. Since the theory that I studied was all about how people interpret and change their acceptance on laws, it was interesting to see some of my classmates cover various ideas like technology, cybersecurity, and communication.

The first presentation that caught my attention was about the Five Eyes (see Wikipedia page). This is an intelligence sharing alliance that dates its creation back to World War II. This includes Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the US that shared information about different safety intelligence. Upon googling this theory, there is a copious amount of current news that is covering the five eyes. For example, this article includes a podcast style interview from The Atlantic that overviews how the current administration poses a possible threat to the unification of the Five Eyes. The article appears to be criticizing Trump for extending Russian talking points, claiming that the remarks posed as a threat to the alliances that the US made after World War II, including this one. I found this interesting because this alliance seems to secure a lot of information about safety, and exchanges resources. Many Americans may look at situations such as the one mentioned in the article as dangerous and a threat to the safety of the US.

 

Another presentation that interested me was about echo chambers (see Wikipedia page). This theory stuck with me because it seems as though it is becoming more and more relevant as technology and social media evolve to allow everyone to have access to information all of the time. After further research, I found an article on GCF Global that describes echo chambers as "fueled in part by confirmation bias". I think this is extremely relevant and important because as social media algorithms are getting very complex at showing users the type of content that they are used to, it becomes very easy for users to fall into these echo chambers. When looking at current news involving this theory, I found an article from Forbes that points to peoples tendencies to only look at one side of political news, and how that has led to an extremely polarized society. The article distinctly points out the use of feedback loops within social media platforms which is why these users are seeing content and creators that align with their opinions. With the amount of fake news being posted, it is easy for someone to pigeonhole themselves into only seeing one side of media, especially as most people do not look at a variety of sources for their news. 

Overall, I learned a lot from the Each One Teach One second projects, and upon further research I have realized that a lot of these theories and organizations are being heavily impacted today. Whether it is through social media, rising technology, politics, or overall access, people and their opinions are constantly changing and it is important to always be aware of the things that affect us negatively, especially in media. 

EOTO #2: Terms and Concepts

For the second Each One Teach One, my group was assigned the "theories" section, with my given theory being Overton Window. Upon initial research, this idea has been written about in scholarly articles multiple times, including one from Oxford Academic Journal that discusses in depth some applications of this theory and examples of it. 

When looking for an introduction for this theory, I found a great article from the Mackinac Center. The brief description that they give of what the Overton Window is in the following quote, "The Overton Window is a model for understanding how ideas in society change over time and influence politics. The core concept is that politicians are limited in what policy ideas they can support — they generally only pursue policies that are widely accepted throughout society as legitimate policy options." This allows for me to take an introspective view on our system of democracy, as I look at different politicians' campaigns and how their policies may overlap with their competitors. The article mentions how the Overton Window can shift and either expand or narrow based on how societal norms and values differ. I think of this within issues that are considered "controversial" and how as a society we have become more accepting of diversity of opinion and people. The graphic below helps explain this idea in a visual way, that helped me conceptualize the scale of what people are willing to accept, and how policies tend to fall within the box of acceptance. 

Going over a brief history of this concept, the term was derived from the creator, Joseph Overton. In this short article from the Center for New Liberalism, the term was coined in the 1990s and started simply as an observation. Many found Overton's observation of the way that politicians take a stance on issues as a given, because we are all subconsciously aware of the range of acceptability. After Overton died, Joseph Lehman carried on his observation and extended it slightly. Lehman was mainly focused on how politicians can push to expand this window by advocating confidently for a radical idea until it slowly became integrated into society and therefore normalized, expanding the Overton Window to cover it. An example that this article gives is of a left-wing activist named Sean McElwee who popularized the phrase "abolish ICE". This movement then took off and created a copious amount of social pressure on these offices. 

As a Strategic Communications major, I am always interested in seeing how theories like this one play out in a Public Relations standpoint. Looking at this article from The PR Insider, the Overton Window theory has had a huge societal impact on how politicians hold their reputations. First, the article discusses how the window shifts in three main different ways: through change in societal values, through exposure to new information, and through advocacy. Looking at different moments in history, taking Prohibition, for example, the societal view towards alcohol slowly changed as exposure to its effects and its possible opportunities for the economy changed. This is also how the United States has become more open to diverse backgrounds, including the adoption of certain celebrations like Pride month, Black History Month, Juneteenth, and more. 

The article then goes on to discuss how the Overton Window is heavily intertwined with peoples political leanings, and the United States political parties. The biggest talking point here is about how politicians influence voter behavior, and can use that influence to shift the window. Voters are subconsciously using the Overton Window to assess policies that they believe to be "too radical" or unacceptable. Politicians then use this information shift their stances on policies in very minor ways to get the votes to expand their window, and therefore offer support to those politicians. From a PR standpoint, some of the strategies here include: shaping public perception and engaging with the media. As media has expanded with new technological innovations, everyone has access to this information so easily which, as mentioned above, is one of the ways that the window can shift. This means that for PR professionals, it is crucial to be engaging with the media and shaping their view of policies and politicians to match those who they are working for. 

Lastly, to understand how this concept has been integrated into our society, it is important to acknowledge example of it over the years. This article from conceptually.org names a few. Women's suffrage is a perfect example of a shift in the Overton Window, because over time society has grown to value women more than they did in the 1950s. This is seen through the 19th Amendment allowing women the right to vote, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act allowing for women to apply for their own credit cards without the permission of their husbands, and more recently, the fight for equal pay in women's professional sports. It was through the spread of new ideas and the advocacy for these rights that society grew to change their opinions and accept these new social changes. Another thing that I think is interesting from this article that discusses Donald Trump and how he has attempted to shift the Overton Window throughout his first term. With him openly speaking about controversial topics especially through social media. This has shifted peoples perspectives over the past eight years to make ideas about some of these issues more radical. Overall, after learning about this concept, I am definitely able to see it play out in all aspects of our democracy, and I will be able to recognize these shifts. 

Blog #5: Diffusion of Innovation

 After reading and learning about the Diffusions of Innovation Theory by Everett Rogers, it is clear to me that this theory was derived from something that happens often in modern society, especially as we are evolving to become centered around technology. To get a brief understanding of this theory, I visited the Wikipedia page for it, and then continued on with my own research. I found this article that clarifies the ideas seen on wikipedia more in depth. 

This theory is broken up into five "steps" of how something diffuses to become a part of the mainstream technologies, with a heavy emphasis on how the social structure accepts or rejects the innovation. To start, the first step is interest/knowledge. Connecting this to my subject from the EOTO presentation, there was a n interest in moving filing systems to be digital, coinciding with  the rise of computers and other technologies in corporate settings. Using this same article from one of my sources in the presentation, it is clear that the need for digital storage was becoming dire, and this creation found a solution to that. 

The second step, as outlined by Rogers is persuasion. In my interoperation, this means that once the need is identified and the idea of how to fix that need is created, there is a need to persuade people into both understanding and agreeing with you. This came with one of the the first cloud computing companies, Salesforce. Simple persuasion techniques show that when there is an established need for something, people are more likely to buy it. The this step is evaluation/decision. This is essentially where the work to create whatever the idea is begins. This step is outlined in cloud computing as the creation of the cloud, with the name and functionality of it. Important to note that Rogers also put emphasis on evaluating this innovation to make sure it was still answering to the need that was identified in the second step.

Lastly, step four is trial/implementation. This is often where many innovations will either take off, or the idea will trickle out. Cloud computing was luckily enough a huge success, though it did face its challenges with adaptability as people were needing data storage spaces for both public and private information. This then brings in the final stage, which is adoption/confirmation. Cloud computing became widely popular and then led to the creation of some iconic companies that are still used today like Amazon Web Services and iCloud. Then, the innovation can diffuse fully into society and become an integral part, just as cloud computing has for us. Nobody thinks twice about saving a photo or uploading a document to the storage, because we have had this innovation for so long that it is part of our society now. 

Blog #4: EOTO Reaction

After watching the Each One Teach One presentations, I learned about many new types of communication technology, their origins, and their proposed challenges. I also had the opportunity to learn some new facts about technology that I had previous knowledge on. Some of the presentations that interested me were about the inventions of the bluetooth, instant messaging, and paper. Additionally, I had already known the backstory of how the TV came to be, but I learned a few new key facts. 

Starting with bluetooth, the presenter stated some facts that I had already known like the reason why bluetooth was created, as a way to be able to form connection between devices without using so many wires. This makes sense because I have heard both of my parents talk about how they appreciate bluetooth as an invention, because it made their work experience more efficient and not have to carry around so many connectors on a day to day basis. What I learned from the presentation that I had not already considered were the setbacks of this invention, like the issue with battery drain. I then looked into a brief history of Bluetooth using this article. In my experience, any bluetooth divide that I own tends to drain in battery pretty quickly besides my Beats Studio Pro headphones, but those are on the newer side. This would make sense because over the years manufacturers have put better batteries in bluetooth devices to combat this issue. 

Another presentation that interested me was the invention of paper. I had never thought about this much, as it has been a baseline part of my education and life so I hadn't reflected on a time where it possibly wasn't around. Paper was one of the first versions of technology that allowed for long distance communication, and revolutionized the trade industry. It is interesting to think about how the invention of paper led to the creation of currency and paper money, which changed the way that trade worked. I then researched this on my own, finding this introductory article about how paper changed the world, to gather more info. Looking at modern society and how everything revolves around money, it would be interesting to see how our trade industry would look if paper hadn't been invented in the same way. 

Lastly, one more presentation that I learned a lot from was about the creation of instant messaging. Similarly to paper, this type of fast communication helped heavily with long distance challenges. They mentioned that the first form of this was Internet Relay Chat, which I then read the wikipedia page on to gather more base info on. I didn't previously know that this was used primarily in the government to oversee government crises, but it makes sense that this would be a preferred form of communication as many of these processes need to happen quickly and with clear communication to make sure that the government is working most efficiently. Additionally, the presenter mentioned how this also led to a rise in the spread of misinformation, which made me think about how much of the news I get, as mentioned in my first blog post, is through my friends who will use instant messaging to tell me something. Overall, I enjoyed engaging in this project to be able to teach my peers about my topic, and I learned a lot of new things about other forms of technology. 

EOTO #1: The History of Cloud Computing

 

As forms of communication develop and new media arises, the need for a place to store these becomes dire. Thus, a new form of technology arose: Cloud Computing. In a Brief History of Cloud Computing, this dates back to 1969. Conversations around the need for this type of innovation started in 1963, as stated in the article. DARPA, which stands for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, recruited MIT to be part of a $2 million project to create a way for two people to be working on one computer at the same time. An important term that came up during this time was "virtualization" which changed meaning at technological access to the internet expanded. By 1990, virtualization was used as a way to describe the use of computers, and how that led to the modern cloud computing.

Later, the article goes on to mention how this new form allowed for companies to be more efficient within their virtual storage. It mentions the launching of Amazon Web Services as a pivotal moment in the virtualization of storage, as this company specialized in helping other companies. This part was interesting to me, because my sister worked for Amazon Web Services, and did a lot of the consulting for the sales aspect, so it was nice to see the origin of that type of work. Additionally, that is when Google launched Google Docs along with Google Spreadsheets, which had a similar reaction amongst companies and web services. 

While these developments helped these big tech companies with their storage, the process was highly privatized as they were not able to adapt their cloud to fit the needs of all companies. Arguably the most popular, Apple launched the iCloud storage feature in accordance with their growing profits on phones and other devices. This was unique to apple because it allowed for not just documents to be stored, but larger files like photos, videos, and music, which the public enjoyed because it helped create an online world where people could keep the more personal parts of their lives. 

Now this major development in storage technology had taken over, but with it came many concerns and issues. One was about cybersecurity. With all information, personal photos, documents, etc, being stored in one place, it was easy for online criminals to access and take over this information. In this paper on scrip.org, the dangers to cybersecurity through cloud computing are discussed. One of the main outlined concerned of this is that the adaptation of the cloud allowed for multiple sources of digital "ecosystems" allow for criminals to hack into multiple systems at once, which can be detrimental to companies. Additionally, the virtualization of private information increases risks of breaking confidentiality within workplaces. 

As a possible combat to this, the paper mentions that the growth of the big cloud services has provided easy access to security measures to protect from cyberattacks, that would not be viable within the budgets of smaller companies. Lastly, the paper mentions that because of the way cloud is designed with what they call "security governance frameworks", they often can identify risks and take care of them as they come up, which eliminates a lot of smaller cybersecurity attack attempts. On a smaller scale, many new companies have been able to profit from their services to these big companies like Amazon Web Services, and iCloud. 

Finally, some of my favorite small facts when researching the history of cloud computing, came from a lighthearted article titled 88 Cloud Computing Facts for 2024. Some of the highlights are that the term "cloud computing" was created in 1996, 89% of companies use a hybrid cloud which means that it is both private and public. Additionally, 55% of of the 2022 market shares came from cloud companies and 60% of the world's corporate data is stored in a cloud. After learning about the history, setbacks, developments, and challenges within the creation of the cloud, I have a better idea of how this fits into my life, as it was something I had little to no prior knowledge of. Next time I go to save something to my cloud, I will be aware of where it is going and how it gets there!